Multiple ripples in Earth's Magnetic Field......

The Earth's magnetic field protects our planet from most of the permanent flow of particles from the solar wind. Fissures in this magnetic shield are known to occur, enabling the solar wind to penetrate our near-space environment. A study based on data collected by the four ESA Cluster satellites and the CNSA/ESA Double Star TC-1 spacecraft, provides new insight into the location and duration of these ruptures in the Earth's magnetic shield.
This study reports the observation of fissures on the Sun-facing side of the Earth's magnetic shield - the day side magneto pause. Fortunately, these fissures don't expose Earth's surface to the solar wind; our atmosphere protects us, even when our magnetic field doesn't. However, clear effects have been detected high in the upper atmosphere and in the region of space around Earth where satellites orbit.

The dominant physical process causing these cracks is known as magnetic reconnection, a process whereby magnetic field lines from different magnetic domains collide and reconnect: opening the closed magnetic shield. Magnetic reconnection is a physical process at work throughout the Universe, from star formation to solar explosions to experimental fusion reactors on Earth. However, the conditions under which it occurs and how long it lasts remain unclear.

What is known is that magnetic reconnection leads to the mixing of previously separated plasmas when, for instance, the solar wind plasma enters the magnetosphere (see Animation 1). In this instance the two magnetic domains are the Earth's internal magnetic field, and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). (The solar wind is not only composed of solar particles (mostly protons and electrons), it also carries the Sun's magnetic field. Out among the planets, this field is the IMF.)

For more than 700,000 years, the South to North orientation of the terrestrial magnetic field has been rather steady. In contrast, the IMF orientation is highly variable, with total inversion frequently observed on times-scales of minutes.

Reconnection between the IMF and the Earth's magnetic field critically depends on the angle between these fields. Space physicists have made a distinction between reconnection when both fields are in opposite directions, or anti-parallel, and component reconnection, when the IMF is neither parallel nor anti-parallel to the terrestrial magnetic field.

The distinction is important since component and anti-parallel reconnection have different onset characteristics and lead to different duration of the fissures in the magnetic shield. The distinction between these two types of magnetic reconnection has been the subject of hot debate among space scientists for many years.

For the first time, four spacecraft flying in constellation (the ESA Cluster mission), have provided unambiguous evidence of anti-parallel reconnection at high latitude on the day side magneto pause, occurring quasi-simultaneously with a period of low-latitude component reconnection detected by the Sino-European Double Star TC-1 satellite.

TC-1 and the Cluster array (with the Cluster spacecraft separated by ~2000 km) are more than 30,000 km apart (Figure 1). The 3D reconnection picture, determined by repeated sampling of the ion diffusion region and associated magnetic null fields (i.e. the heart of the reconnection process)

"This remarkable set of observations shows that magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause is not as simple as it is described in textbooks! It also demonstrates the need for the capability to study magnetic reconnection at multiple scales simultaneously", says Matt Taylor, acting Cluster project scientist at the European Space Agency.

Acid Rain

Well, Acid rain--sounds alarming to anyone who hears the word.To be true, the word acid itself terrifies the thinking of mind.
How many people know the actual reason behind acid rains? Many wild and vague guesses do arise when one says acid rain...Global warming, Pollution, Human waste and etc...the list goes on. There are very few people who really know what acid rain is....

What is acid rain?

Acid rain is more precisely termed as acid deposition(Deposition...?)Yes, deposition of wet and dry acidic components.
As we have studied in chemistry(If you remember.....), acids are elements which have the pH value less than 7 and bases are elements which have pH value greater than 7.Acid rain has very disastrous effects on flora, fauna and infrastructure. Acid rain is generally caused by emissions of compounds of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen which react with the molecules of water in the atmosphere to produce acids.
Acid rain exists in dry weather and wet weather.Im dry weather it is acid gas and acid dust.In wet weathers it exists as acid rain, acid snow and acid fog.It is considered very dangerous and has very unsafe effects.

Causes of acid rain:

There are many may causes for acid rain to form.The main causes of acid rain are sulfur dioxide(S02) and nitrogen oxides(N0, N20...and etc).These harmful chemicals are released by certain factories and industries into the atmosphere which later form clouds in he upper layers of atmosphere and recycle back into the lower layers as the uninvited Acid rains.The formation and cause is quite simple to learn...but believe me people it is truly very difficult to hinder the process as of today.
Automobiles and vehicles produce almost half of the world's nitrogen oxide(great quantity..huh).As the number of automobiles in use increases, so does the amount of acid rain.It follows the simple directly proportional law of Physics. Industrial plants burn fossil fuels and also contribute their part in the destructive nitrogen oxide emission.

Eventually, it is not only the human being that has to take the blame for this disastrous process. There are natural causes as well which play a major role in the formation of acid rain.Fires, volcanic eruptions, bacterial decomposition, and lightening also greatly increase the amount of nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere. The volcanic eruption takes the lion share among the above mentioned.

Effects of acid rain:

Acid rain effects every living creature directly or indirectly. It might not fall on every being but indirectly effects the growth of one form in any other way that is possible.
Acid rain is very harmful to the environment. Acid rain affects the terrestrial as well as aquatic life. It is the worst in water than because the creatures in water especially the fish in the water need water to breathe. When the water gets polluted, then the fish get sick and end up dying.Most of the frogs and insects that live in water will also die when the water gets acidic.Lakes and rivers witness many of their inhabitants die off due to rising acidity levels. This indirectly effects the human beings as they depend hugely on sea water for different reasons all over.
Trees are also harmed by acid rain.The leaves are the worst effected as the outer coating gets damaged due to the acidic nature and the withering of leaves means no photosynthesis and resulting in the ultimate death of the tree(very pitiable).Acid rain also leaves a lot of aluminum in the soil, which can be harmful to the trees and plants that grow there.

Prevent Acid rain:

It's high times that we react, respond and do something to save our atmosphere from getting destroyed.Let's go by the saying that prevention is better than cure.I have mu own suggestions to say:

1)Make the less use of automobiles.Use cycles or non-polluted vehicles for nearby purposes keeping aside the matter of dignity and status.

2)Use electric cars which run on battery to prevent acid rain.Though electric cars are not a big hit try using them for minor uses and and new formula is to be invented for battery based vehicles.

3)Industries must reduce the sulfur content from the smoke they release. The smoke should be checked before they are released into the atmosphere.

4)Find new ways and methods to burn coal or else replace current and electricity for these means and get the maximum out of it.

5)Government should get into the picture, play an active role and check the pollution levels of factories, industries and automobiles and vehicles.

6)developing countries should learn from the developed countries and curb the destruction as drop and drop only make a big ocean.

If at least some the methods are implemented the effects of scid rain can be reduced in the coming future days.

 ----------by Teja24nex.(Explore the darkness outside you.) 

Holes on moon---suitable for human settlement

How does anyone feel if they were given a chance to stay on the moon?..Wow..!! Sounds exciting..Isn't it? Only time will tell the possibility.

Hole in moon

Scientists very recently found a deep, giant hole on the surface of moon which is suitable for setting up human colonies and townships. They identified a vertical hole in volcanic hills region of the lunar planet.But there are many more questions shooting out...Is is inhabitable ? Will the surface provide the proper base? and many more....

Many new things have been found and this new pit is considered as 213 feet wide and more than 260 feet(80-88 mts) deep.This is called the Lava tube.Lava tubes are nothing but passages which are commonly found on earth, and are underground cave-like channels through which lava once flowed. Lava does not flow now anymore(point to be noted). This credit of this discovery is to be given to Kaguyo(SELENE) spacecraft of Japan for taking such wonderful images.

Lava tubes

Lava tubes are protected from the environment on the Moon’s surface, so these tubes could be useful for lunar bases keeping future perspectives in mind. There were many holes that have been discovered in the past among which the prominent one was when moon was battered to pieces over the years from rocks of space.

This lava tubes are considered for human settlement becuse these tubes provide shelter from severe environment,of the lunar space, with its meteorite impacts and high energy UV radiation..hmmm. NASA is planning to set up a mission on moon again in 2020 to set up a temporary lunar colony by 2025.

Let's all wait and see if we can buy any part of the moon at least by 2040.

How Time was divided... ?

The oldest known observations on "TIME" and it's division was first found in Vedic Cosmology dating back to late 2nd millennium  BCE. Aryabhatta gave his great contribution to mankind on making the human race to understand what is time and how it was classified ...This classification was truly adopted and practiced with complete scientific proofs and evidences.

The division of time is as follows :
According to Vedic Cosmology  and surya sidhantha (Science involved on study of stars and sun)the universe is cyclically created and destroyed.Where it was classified on basis of Bramha's Life span.According to Hinduism Brahma is god of creation.One day of Bramha's life is Known as kalpa.
1 kalpa = 14 manvantras + 6 mahayugas = (appox) to 1000 yugas.
Manvantra is the collection of 71 mahayugas i.e 1 Manvantra = 71 mahayugas.
Maha yuga is collection of 43,20,000 human years.

One Maha yuga is collection of 4 yugas ...
Kruth yuga ,Tretayuga, Dwapara yuga  and Kali yuga.
1 Kruth yuga = 17,28,000 human years
1 Tretayuga = 12,96,000 human years
1 Dwapara yuga = 8,64,000 human years
1 Kali yuga = 4,32,000 human years

14 manvantra = 14 x 71 mahayugas = 994 mahayugas
994 mahayugas + 6 mahayugas = 1000 yugas

After completion of  one Kalpa the Universe gets destroyed and recreated forming or transforming into new realms.That the reason why the Universe is said to be expanding....The cycle goes on for 100 'divine years' at the end of which Bramha perishes and is regenerated. Bramha's entire life equals 311 trillion, 40 billion years. Once Bramha dies there is an equal period of unmanifestation for 311 trillion, 40 billion years, until the next Bramha is created.
Since till now we were dealing with the time in large scape ... this time is simplified into year -(collection of 12 months),month - (consists of two pakshas) , Paksham (consists of 15 days one is called as krishna paksham ends with a new moon and the other is shukla paksham ends with full moon) later into a day with 23 hr and 54 min 08 seconds - first calculated by arya bhatta. then in hours,minutes,seconds.

Seconds were first classified since this was discussed in Vedas - featured as Anu sidhanta.

Asians were first to determine  length and breadth of time, religions like Hinduism,Buddhism,Judaism  were first to analyze the concepts of time scientifically.They were first to generalize and justified the facts using sciences like astronomy,cosmology,topography leaving away results with high accuracy comparable to latest ones.