Aiming to enhance India's defence surveillance capabilities, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is all set to launch its first Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT) and micro educational satellite, ANUSAT, from its spaceport in Sriharikota at 6.45a.m Monday, the Press Trust of India (PTI) reported.
According to ISRO, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle-C12 (PSLV-C12) would carry the 300-kg RISAT-2 and 40-kg micro satellite, ANUSAT, built by Anna University.
RISAT, to be launched from Sriharikota on the east coast of the south-eastern state of Andhra Pradesh, some 80km north from here, has all weather capability to take images of the Earth and would also be beneficial in mapping and managing natural disasters, such as floods and landslides, besides amplifying defence surveillance capabilities of the nation.
As per specifications, RISAT is different from previous remote sensing satellites as it uses Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), equipped with many antennas to receive signals that are processed into high-resolution pictures.
The SAR, developed by Israel Aerospace Industries, gives RISAT defence capabilities.
Sunday, October 24
Our Earth
How was the only inhabitant planet born and what are its facts?
The Earth was born about 4 and a half billion years ago( Oh my God...Can you believe it..?), during which the whole solar system formed. An large cloud of gas initiated to get smaller as the gas particles magnetized each other with gravity. Most of the gas went to the center of the solar system and formed the Sun, but several other pieces spinning about the Sun solidified into the planets, including the Earth. So, this is the small history of our mother earth.Scientific research proves that the Earth is about 4.5 billion years old.
The mass of Earth is 5.98 x 1024 kg, or 1.32 x 1025 lb. Sounds interesting roght..? Well. convert it for yourself and tell me. Can you believe it..? Research speaks that the Earth is not a perfect sphere, so the distance to the center of the Earth changes. The earth's core is a combination of radioactivity and heat from the inception of the Earth. Earth's core temperature is about 6,000° C.We stay on the earth because of its gravity but not of its spinning.
Russia to Take Space Tourists in 2013
In a press release dated 9/27/10, Russia’s space agency Roscosmos announced its plans to allow two space tourists to ride its Soyuz craft along with a professional cosmonaut as pilot. “Such a proposal is under consideration of Roscosmos and the American Space Adventures (company)” said Alexei Krasnov, head of Roscosmos’ manned flights department. “There are also detailed offers which we will study in Washington at a meeting of space agencies’ heads,” he said.
The good news keeps coming: Russia’s RSC Energia corporation now says it has the capacity to build five Soyuz spacecraft a year instead of four. This means there will be at least one craft dedicated to space tourism.
Russia has not sent tourists into space since 2009, when the International Space Station ( ISS) crew increased from three to six and places were reserved for Russian and foreign astronauts.
While the US Congress fumbles around trying to decide whose political ox gets gored and which congressional district gets the pork for the overbudgeted and underdeveloped Constellation/Ares project, Russia and US space promoter Space Adventures are working on plans to send two tourists to the International Space Station in 2013. Does it not seem that space tourism will flourish despite US congressional haggling?
The good news keeps coming: Russia’s RSC Energia corporation now says it has the capacity to build five Soyuz spacecraft a year instead of four. This means there will be at least one craft dedicated to space tourism.
Russia has not sent tourists into space since 2009, when the International Space Station ( ISS) crew increased from three to six and places were reserved for Russian and foreign astronauts.
While the US Congress fumbles around trying to decide whose political ox gets gored and which congressional district gets the pork for the overbudgeted and underdeveloped Constellation/Ares project, Russia and US space promoter Space Adventures are working on plans to send two tourists to the International Space Station in 2013. Does it not seem that space tourism will flourish despite US congressional haggling?
Saturday, October 2
Friday, June 11
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is planning 2nd moon mission Chandrayaan-2 by 2013. Russia's Federal Space Agency (Roskosmos) is joining hands with ISRO for development of Chandrayaan-2 Lander.This is going to be a very great mission and a tougher one than Chandrayaan-1.
Chandrayaan-2 will consist of a spacecraft and a landing platform with the moon rover.
The rover would move on wheels on the lunar surface, pick up samples of soil or rocks, do a chemical analysis and send the data to the spacecraft orbiting above.
The rover will have an operating life-span of a month. It will run on solar power.The data will be further sent to Earth through the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter.
The Indian Government has also approved this mission in a meeting of the Union Cabinet held on 18 September 2008.
The team of Chandrayaan-2 is headed by Dr.Mylswamy Annadurai.
Chandrayaan-2 will consist of a spacecraft and a landing platform with the moon rover.
The rover would move on wheels on the lunar surface, pick up samples of soil or rocks, do a chemical analysis and send the data to the spacecraft orbiting above.
The rover will have an operating life-span of a month. It will run on solar power.The data will be further sent to Earth through the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter.
The Indian Government has also approved this mission in a meeting of the Union Cabinet held on 18 September 2008.
The team of Chandrayaan-2 is headed by Dr.Mylswamy Annadurai.
Wednesday, March 3
Researches on Sun
Different views of Sun:
How do we live? Well by taking food.....From where does the food get produced ...Well, it's the Sun.
Being mythological, the sun was worshiped as a deity by ancient cultures and its power is now considered as a source of renewable energy.It was considered as a giant power and it was considered as one of the prominent and famous god after Jupiter and Mars.Astronomy is somewhere interlinked to mythology.
Looking in science point of view, all the life on Earth owes its existence to the sun. The sun emits strong rays during the daytime from where we human beings derive vitamin D and where most plants get their energy to process photosynthesis.
Astronomical terms of Sun:
The sun is also a star at the center of our solar system, as theories suggest. Its mass makes up more than 99 percent of the mass of our solar system and is 109 times the size of the only inhabitant planet(Earth).It has large number of varied gases inside it which are responsible for the heat and the mass. More than one million Earths could comfortably fit inside the sun.
With all that we now know about this bright star, there are still many areas of the sun that stand as mystery to us.
Researches have revealed that it is New Mexico's climate that is very suitable for the observations pertaining to solar and lunar radiations.The clear blue sky of New Mexico facilitate scientists around the globe to employ local researchers in finding out everything they can about the sun - from the inside out(sounds interesting....!!!)
Research on Sun:
NASA is going to launch a lengthy 15-year mission(too long) to study the sun continuously through satellites and telescopes(Thanks to Galileo).New Mexico State University abbreviated as NMSU has a role to play in understanding the images and data collected from the Telescopes.Grants and huge deal of money have been granted to the astronomers at NMSU from NASA and the National Science Foundation to help estimate weather.
A second major new solar project that New Mexico may well play a role in is called the Stellar Oscillation Network Group,led by a group of Danish institutions. It aims to build eight telescopes around the world so that stars can be viewed continuously. Well amazingly, this is going to be a very new visionary project which might aim in the discoveries of very new concepts that have been unknown so far(A great Thanks to the insight of these people).
It is not only NMSU that is taking the lead and major role in this project.NMSU is getting into collaboration with other institutions and has applied for funding from NSF's Major Research Instrumentation Program to place one of these new telescopes at the Apache Point Observatory(APO).
At NMSU, which is made up of members from the astronomy,mechanical, computer science, aerospace engineering, electrical and computer engineering and physics departments work to promote space and stellar based theories and research at the university.
We just have to watch what developments really take place and what effect these changes will have on our lifestyle.
Friday, January 22
Multiple ripples in Earth's Magnetic Field......
The Earth's magnetic field protects our planet from most of the permanent flow of particles from the solar wind. Fissures in this magnetic shield are known to occur, enabling the solar wind to penetrate our near-space environment. A study based on data collected by the four ESA Cluster satellites and the CNSA/ESA Double Star TC-1 spacecraft, provides new insight into the location and duration of these ruptures in the Earth's magnetic shield.
This study reports the observation of fissures on the Sun-facing side of the Earth's magnetic shield - the day side magneto pause. Fortunately, these fissures don't expose Earth's surface to the solar wind; our atmosphere protects us, even when our magnetic field doesn't. However, clear effects have been detected high in the upper atmosphere and in the region of space around Earth where satellites orbit.
The dominant physical process causing these cracks is known as magnetic reconnection, a process whereby magnetic field lines from different magnetic domains collide and reconnect: opening the closed magnetic shield. Magnetic reconnection is a physical process at work throughout the Universe, from star formation to solar explosions to experimental fusion reactors on Earth. However, the conditions under which it occurs and how long it lasts remain unclear.
What is known is that magnetic reconnection leads to the mixing of previously separated plasmas when, for instance, the solar wind plasma enters the magnetosphere (see Animation 1). In this instance the two magnetic domains are the Earth's internal magnetic field, and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). (The solar wind is not only composed of solar particles (mostly protons and electrons), it also carries the Sun's magnetic field. Out among the planets, this field is the IMF.)
For more than 700,000 years, the South to North orientation of the terrestrial magnetic field has been rather steady. In contrast, the IMF orientation is highly variable, with total inversion frequently observed on times-scales of minutes.
Reconnection between the IMF and the Earth's magnetic field critically depends on the angle between these fields. Space physicists have made a distinction between reconnection when both fields are in opposite directions, or anti-parallel, and component reconnection, when the IMF is neither parallel nor anti-parallel to the terrestrial magnetic field.
The distinction is important since component and anti-parallel reconnection have different onset characteristics and lead to different duration of the fissures in the magnetic shield. The distinction between these two types of magnetic reconnection has been the subject of hot debate among space scientists for many years.
For the first time, four spacecraft flying in constellation (the ESA Cluster mission), have provided unambiguous evidence of anti-parallel reconnection at high latitude on the day side magneto pause, occurring quasi-simultaneously with a period of low-latitude component reconnection detected by the Sino-European Double Star TC-1 satellite.
TC-1 and the Cluster array (with the Cluster spacecraft separated by ~2000 km) are more than 30,000 km apart (Figure 1). The 3D reconnection picture, determined by repeated sampling of the ion diffusion region and associated magnetic null fields (i.e. the heart of the reconnection process)
"This remarkable set of observations shows that magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause is not as simple as it is described in textbooks! It also demonstrates the need for the capability to study magnetic reconnection at multiple scales simultaneously", says Matt Taylor, acting Cluster project scientist at the European Space Agency.
This study reports the observation of fissures on the Sun-facing side of the Earth's magnetic shield - the day side magneto pause. Fortunately, these fissures don't expose Earth's surface to the solar wind; our atmosphere protects us, even when our magnetic field doesn't. However, clear effects have been detected high in the upper atmosphere and in the region of space around Earth where satellites orbit.
The dominant physical process causing these cracks is known as magnetic reconnection, a process whereby magnetic field lines from different magnetic domains collide and reconnect: opening the closed magnetic shield. Magnetic reconnection is a physical process at work throughout the Universe, from star formation to solar explosions to experimental fusion reactors on Earth. However, the conditions under which it occurs and how long it lasts remain unclear.
What is known is that magnetic reconnection leads to the mixing of previously separated plasmas when, for instance, the solar wind plasma enters the magnetosphere (see Animation 1). In this instance the two magnetic domains are the Earth's internal magnetic field, and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). (The solar wind is not only composed of solar particles (mostly protons and electrons), it also carries the Sun's magnetic field. Out among the planets, this field is the IMF.)
For more than 700,000 years, the South to North orientation of the terrestrial magnetic field has been rather steady. In contrast, the IMF orientation is highly variable, with total inversion frequently observed on times-scales of minutes.
Reconnection between the IMF and the Earth's magnetic field critically depends on the angle between these fields. Space physicists have made a distinction between reconnection when both fields are in opposite directions, or anti-parallel, and component reconnection, when the IMF is neither parallel nor anti-parallel to the terrestrial magnetic field.
The distinction is important since component and anti-parallel reconnection have different onset characteristics and lead to different duration of the fissures in the magnetic shield. The distinction between these two types of magnetic reconnection has been the subject of hot debate among space scientists for many years.
For the first time, four spacecraft flying in constellation (the ESA Cluster mission), have provided unambiguous evidence of anti-parallel reconnection at high latitude on the day side magneto pause, occurring quasi-simultaneously with a period of low-latitude component reconnection detected by the Sino-European Double Star TC-1 satellite.
TC-1 and the Cluster array (with the Cluster spacecraft separated by ~2000 km) are more than 30,000 km apart (Figure 1). The 3D reconnection picture, determined by repeated sampling of the ion diffusion region and associated magnetic null fields (i.e. the heart of the reconnection process)
"This remarkable set of observations shows that magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause is not as simple as it is described in textbooks! It also demonstrates the need for the capability to study magnetic reconnection at multiple scales simultaneously", says Matt Taylor, acting Cluster project scientist at the European Space Agency.
Wednesday, January 20
Acid Rain
Well, Acid rain--sounds alarming to anyone who hears the word.To be true, the word acid itself terrifies the thinking of mind.
How many people know the actual reason behind acid rains? Many wild and vague guesses do arise when one says acid rain...Global warming, Pollution, Human waste and etc...the list goes on. There are very few people who really know what acid rain is....
Acid rain is more precisely termed as acid deposition(Deposition...?)Yes, deposition of wet and dry acidic components.
As we have studied in chemistry(If you remember.....), acids are elements which have the pH value less than 7 and bases are elements which have pH value greater than 7.Acid rain has very disastrous effects on flora, fauna and infrastructure. Acid rain is generally caused by emissions of compounds of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen which react with the molecules of water in the atmosphere to produce acids.
Acid rain exists in dry weather and wet weather.Im dry weather it is acid gas and acid dust.In wet weathers it exists as acid rain, acid snow and acid fog.It is considered very dangerous and has very unsafe effects.
There are many may causes for acid rain to form.The main causes of acid rain are sulfur dioxide(S02) and nitrogen oxides(N0, N20...and etc).These harmful chemicals are released by certain factories and industries into the atmosphere which later form clouds in he upper layers of atmosphere and recycle back into the lower layers as the uninvited Acid rains.The formation and cause is quite simple to learn...but believe me people it is truly very difficult to hinder the process as of today.
Automobiles and vehicles produce almost half of the world's nitrogen oxide(great quantity..huh).As the number of automobiles in use increases, so does the amount of acid rain.It follows the simple directly proportional law of Physics. Industrial plants burn fossil fuels and also contribute their part in the destructive nitrogen oxide emission.
Eventually, it is not only the human being that has to take the blame for this disastrous process. There are natural causes as well which play a major role in the formation of acid rain.Fires, volcanic eruptions, bacterial decomposition, and lightening also greatly increase the amount of nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere. The volcanic eruption takes the lion share among the above mentioned.
Acid rain effects every living creature directly or indirectly. It might not fall on every being but indirectly effects the growth of one form in any other way that is possible.
Acid rain is very harmful to the environment. Acid rain affects the terrestrial as well as aquatic life. It is the worst in water than because the creatures in water especially the fish in the water need water to breathe. When the water gets polluted, then the fish get sick and end up dying.Most of the frogs and insects that live in water will also die when the water gets acidic.Lakes and rivers witness many of their inhabitants die off due to rising acidity levels. This indirectly effects the human beings as they depend hugely on sea water for different reasons all over.
Trees are also harmed by acid rain.The leaves are the worst effected as the outer coating gets damaged due to the acidic nature and the withering of leaves means no photosynthesis and resulting in the ultimate death of the tree(very pitiable).Acid rain also leaves a lot of aluminum in the soil, which can be harmful to the trees and plants that grow there.
It's high times that we react, respond and do something to save our atmosphere from getting destroyed.Let's go by the saying that prevention is better than cure.I have mu own suggestions to say:
1)Make the less use of automobiles.Use cycles or non-polluted vehicles for nearby purposes keeping aside the matter of dignity and status.
2)Use electric cars which run on battery to prevent acid rain.Though electric cars are not a big hit try using them for minor uses and and new formula is to be invented for battery based vehicles.
3)Industries must reduce the sulfur content from the smoke they release. The smoke should be checked before they are released into the atmosphere.
4)Find new ways and methods to burn coal or else replace current and electricity for these means and get the maximum out of it.
5)Government should get into the picture, play an active role and check the pollution levels of factories, industries and automobiles and vehicles.
6)developing countries should learn from the developed countries and curb the destruction as drop and drop only make a big ocean.
If at least some the methods are implemented the effects of scid rain can be reduced in the coming future days.
How many people know the actual reason behind acid rains? Many wild and vague guesses do arise when one says acid rain...Global warming, Pollution, Human waste and etc...the list goes on. There are very few people who really know what acid rain is....
What is acid rain?
Acid rain is more precisely termed as acid deposition(Deposition...?)Yes, deposition of wet and dry acidic components.
As we have studied in chemistry(If you remember.....), acids are elements which have the pH value less than 7 and bases are elements which have pH value greater than 7.Acid rain has very disastrous effects on flora, fauna and infrastructure. Acid rain is generally caused by emissions of compounds of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen which react with the molecules of water in the atmosphere to produce acids.
Acid rain exists in dry weather and wet weather.Im dry weather it is acid gas and acid dust.In wet weathers it exists as acid rain, acid snow and acid fog.It is considered very dangerous and has very unsafe effects.
Causes of acid rain:
There are many may causes for acid rain to form.The main causes of acid rain are sulfur dioxide(S02) and nitrogen oxides(N0, N20...and etc).These harmful chemicals are released by certain factories and industries into the atmosphere which later form clouds in he upper layers of atmosphere and recycle back into the lower layers as the uninvited Acid rains.The formation and cause is quite simple to learn...but believe me people it is truly very difficult to hinder the process as of today.
Automobiles and vehicles produce almost half of the world's nitrogen oxide(great quantity..huh).As the number of automobiles in use increases, so does the amount of acid rain.It follows the simple directly proportional law of Physics. Industrial plants burn fossil fuels and also contribute their part in the destructive nitrogen oxide emission.
Eventually, it is not only the human being that has to take the blame for this disastrous process. There are natural causes as well which play a major role in the formation of acid rain.Fires, volcanic eruptions, bacterial decomposition, and lightening also greatly increase the amount of nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere. The volcanic eruption takes the lion share among the above mentioned.
Effects of acid rain:
Acid rain effects every living creature directly or indirectly. It might not fall on every being but indirectly effects the growth of one form in any other way that is possible.
Acid rain is very harmful to the environment. Acid rain affects the terrestrial as well as aquatic life. It is the worst in water than because the creatures in water especially the fish in the water need water to breathe. When the water gets polluted, then the fish get sick and end up dying.Most of the frogs and insects that live in water will also die when the water gets acidic.Lakes and rivers witness many of their inhabitants die off due to rising acidity levels. This indirectly effects the human beings as they depend hugely on sea water for different reasons all over.
Trees are also harmed by acid rain.The leaves are the worst effected as the outer coating gets damaged due to the acidic nature and the withering of leaves means no photosynthesis and resulting in the ultimate death of the tree(very pitiable).Acid rain also leaves a lot of aluminum in the soil, which can be harmful to the trees and plants that grow there.
Prevent Acid rain:
It's high times that we react, respond and do something to save our atmosphere from getting destroyed.Let's go by the saying that prevention is better than cure.I have mu own suggestions to say:
1)Make the less use of automobiles.Use cycles or non-polluted vehicles for nearby purposes keeping aside the matter of dignity and status.
2)Use electric cars which run on battery to prevent acid rain.Though electric cars are not a big hit try using them for minor uses and and new formula is to be invented for battery based vehicles.
3)Industries must reduce the sulfur content from the smoke they release. The smoke should be checked before they are released into the atmosphere.
4)Find new ways and methods to burn coal or else replace current and electricity for these means and get the maximum out of it.
5)Government should get into the picture, play an active role and check the pollution levels of factories, industries and automobiles and vehicles.
6)developing countries should learn from the developed countries and curb the destruction as drop and drop only make a big ocean.
If at least some the methods are implemented the effects of scid rain can be reduced in the coming future days.
----------by Teja24nex.(Explore the darkness outside you.)
Monday, January 4
Holes on moon---suitable for human settlement
How does anyone feel if they were given a chance to stay on the moon?..Wow..!! Sounds exciting..Isn't it? Only time will tell the possibility.
Hole in moon
Scientists very recently found a deep, giant hole on the surface of moon which is suitable for setting up human colonies and townships. They identified a vertical hole in volcanic hills region of the lunar planet.But there are many more questions shooting out...Is is inhabitable ? Will the surface provide the proper base? and many more....
Many new things have been found and this new pit is considered as 213 feet wide and more than 260 feet(80-88 mts) deep.This is called the Lava tube.Lava tubes are nothing but passages which are commonly found on earth, and are underground cave-like channels through which lava once flowed. Lava does not flow now anymore(point to be noted). This credit of this discovery is to be given to Kaguyo(SELENE) spacecraft of Japan for taking such wonderful images.
Lava tubes
Lava tubes are protected from the environment on the Moon’s surface, so these tubes could be useful for lunar bases keeping future perspectives in mind. There were many holes that have been discovered in the past among which the prominent one was when moon was battered to pieces over the years from rocks of space.
This lava tubes are considered for human settlement becuse these tubes provide shelter from severe environment,of the lunar space, with its meteorite impacts and high energy UV radiation..hmmm. NASA is planning to set up a mission on moon again in 2020 to set up a temporary lunar colony by 2025.
Let's all wait and see if we can buy any part of the moon at least by 2040.
Saturday, January 2
How Time was divided... ?
The oldest known observations on "TIME" and it's division was first found in Vedic Cosmology dating back to late 2nd millennium BCE. Aryabhatta gave his great contribution to mankind on making the human race to understand what is time and how it was classified ...This classification was truly adopted and practiced with complete scientific proofs and evidences.
The division of time is as follows :
According to Vedic Cosmology and surya sidhantha (Science involved on study of stars and sun)the universe is cyclically created and destroyed.Where it was classified on basis of Bramha's Life span.According to Hinduism Brahma is god of creation.One day of Bramha's life is Known as kalpa.
1 kalpa = 14 manvantras + 6 mahayugas = (appox) to 1000 yugas.
Manvantra is the collection of 71 mahayugas i.e 1 Manvantra = 71 mahayugas.
Maha yuga is collection of 43,20,000 human years.
One Maha yuga is collection of 4 yugas ...
Kruth yuga ,Tretayuga, Dwapara yuga and Kali yuga.
1 Kruth yuga = 17,28,000 human years
1 Tretayuga = 12,96,000 human years
1 Dwapara yuga = 8,64,000 human years
1 Kali yuga = 4,32,000 human years
14 manvantra = 14 x 71 mahayugas = 994 mahayugas
994 mahayugas + 6 mahayugas = 1000 yugas
After completion of one Kalpa the Universe gets destroyed and recreated forming or transforming into new realms.That the reason why the Universe is said to be expanding....The cycle goes on for 100 'divine years' at the end of which Bramha perishes and is regenerated. Bramha's entire life equals 311 trillion, 40 billion years. Once Bramha dies there is an equal period of unmanifestation for 311 trillion, 40 billion years, until the next Bramha is created.
Since till now we were dealing with the time in large scape ... this time is simplified into year -(collection of 12 months),month - (consists of two pakshas) , Paksham (consists of 15 days one is called as krishna paksham ends with a new moon and the other is shukla paksham ends with full moon) later into a day with 23 hr and 54 min 08 seconds - first calculated by arya bhatta. then in hours,minutes,seconds.
Seconds were first classified since this was discussed in Vedas - featured as Anu sidhanta.
Asians were first to determine length and breadth of time, religions like Hinduism,Buddhism,Judaism were first to analyze the concepts of time scientifically.They were first to generalize and justified the facts using sciences like astronomy,cosmology,topography leaving away results with high accuracy comparable to latest ones.
The division of time is as follows :
According to Vedic Cosmology and surya sidhantha (Science involved on study of stars and sun)the universe is cyclically created and destroyed.Where it was classified on basis of Bramha's Life span.According to Hinduism Brahma is god of creation.One day of Bramha's life is Known as kalpa.
1 kalpa = 14 manvantras + 6 mahayugas = (appox) to 1000 yugas.
Manvantra is the collection of 71 mahayugas i.e 1 Manvantra = 71 mahayugas.
Maha yuga is collection of 43,20,000 human years.
One Maha yuga is collection of 4 yugas ...
Kruth yuga ,Tretayuga, Dwapara yuga and Kali yuga.
1 Kruth yuga = 17,28,000 human years
1 Tretayuga = 12,96,000 human years
1 Dwapara yuga = 8,64,000 human years
1 Kali yuga = 4,32,000 human years
14 manvantra = 14 x 71 mahayugas = 994 mahayugas
994 mahayugas + 6 mahayugas = 1000 yugas
After completion of one Kalpa the Universe gets destroyed and recreated forming or transforming into new realms.That the reason why the Universe is said to be expanding....The cycle goes on for 100 'divine years' at the end of which Bramha perishes and is regenerated. Bramha's entire life equals 311 trillion, 40 billion years. Once Bramha dies there is an equal period of unmanifestation for 311 trillion, 40 billion years, until the next Bramha is created.
Since till now we were dealing with the time in large scape ... this time is simplified into year -(collection of 12 months),month - (consists of two pakshas) , Paksham (consists of 15 days one is called as krishna paksham ends with a new moon and the other is shukla paksham ends with full moon) later into a day with 23 hr and 54 min 08 seconds - first calculated by arya bhatta. then in hours,minutes,seconds.
Seconds were first classified since this was discussed in Vedas - featured as Anu sidhanta.
Asians were first to determine length and breadth of time, religions like Hinduism,Buddhism,Judaism were first to analyze the concepts of time scientifically.They were first to generalize and justified the facts using sciences like astronomy,cosmology,topography leaving away results with high accuracy comparable to latest ones.
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